indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
term-end exam; end-of-term test; finals
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
academic year; school year; year in school; grade in school
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
first place; first rank; unit's position; Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
suffix for familiar person
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
number one; first; best; most; game; round
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
now; the present time; just now; another; more
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
existence; possession; having; limited company
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
continuation; succession; series
record; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); results; to record; to document
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
calmly; quietly; gently; be quiet!
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
adds force or indicates command
not writing or contacting for a while; neglecting (failing) to write (call, visit, etc.); long silence
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave