indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
sweet-tasting; sweet; fragrant (smelling); sweet (music); lightly salted; light in salt; naive
two persons; two people; pair; couple
tradition; legend; folklore
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
to smell; to smell of; to have a smell
disaster; calamity; misfortune; trouble; woes
large; big; older; senior; final; ultimate