indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
show (of power, ability, etc.); exhibition; demonstration; display; manifestation
attack; assault; attempt; try
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
ultimate; ultimate (sport); ultimate frisbee
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
kiss; squeak (as in the sound made by mice); sound of liquid being sucked up
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
(one's) older brother; young man; sonny; lad
earth dug out of a construction site
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)