indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
attack; assault; attempt; try
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
show (of power, ability, etc.); exhibition; demonstration; display; manifestation
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
dragon (as depicted in Western myths)
blocking (e.g. the way); obstructing; block (lump of something (usu. square), area of town, etc.); block; physical record (e.g. on magnetic tape); concrete block; blocking (from view, esp. of websites, on social media, etc.)
devil; evil spirit; genie
lion; left-hand guardian dog at a Shinto shrine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
rudeness; impoliteness; discourtesy; insolence
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
how; in what way; how about
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up