indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
show (of power, ability, etc.); exhibition; demonstration; display; manifestation
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
attack; assault; attempt; try
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
Bolu (Turkey); Bor (Russia)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
adds force or indicates command
devil; evil spirit; genie
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
deck (e.g. ship, tape, cassette, observation, train vestibule)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
gas (state of matter, e.g. poison gas, natural gas); gasoline; gas; dense fog; thick fog; gas stove
opening (a new store, golf course, runway, etc.); open; frank; open (car, collar, tournament, etc.)
kiss; squeak (as in the sound made by mice); sound of liquid being sucked up