indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
devil; evil spirit; genie
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
show (of power, ability, etc.); exhibition; demonstration; display; manifestation
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
core; core; hardcore; all-out
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
attack; assault; attempt; try
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
rudeness; impoliteness; discourtesy; insolence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker