indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
adds force or indicates command
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
how; in what way; how about
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
door; gate; opening; title page
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
test; trial; probation; ordeal; tribulation
the Rabbit (fourth sign of the Chinese zodiac); the Hare; hour of the Rabbit (around 6am, 5-7am, or 6-8am); east; second month in the lunar calendar
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr