indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
adds force or indicates command
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
show (of power, ability, etc.); exhibition; demonstration; display; manifestation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Bolu (Turkey); Bor (Russia)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
attack; assault; attempt; try
kiss; squeak (as in the sound made by mice); sound of liquid being sucked up
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
accelerator; accelerator pedal; gas pedal
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do