indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
one color; one colour; one article; same tendency; everyone being caught up in the same thing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
bowl (wooden); counter for bowls of food or drink
dashi (Japanese soup stock made from fish and kelp)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
Japanese hare (Lepus brachyurus); wild rabbit
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
flavor; flavour; charm; appeal; experience; taste (e.g. of victory)
elegance; grace; article; item; counter for items (of food, etc.); counter for dishes or courses (at a restaurant)
judging; inspection; examination; investigation; review
Japanese food; Japanese-style meal; Japanese cuisine
spear squid (Loligo bleekeri)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial