indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
union; alliance; combination; RENGO (Japanese Trade Union Confederation)
(political) administration; political power
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to destroy; to crush; to break by striking; to spoil; to ruin
adds force or indicates command
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
good performance; good work; great success
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
(one's) older brother; young man; sonny; lad
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
cooking; food preparation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
last moment; eleventh hour; platform made of dirt used to perform executions (decapitations) in the Edo period
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
prior; beforehand; in advance; before the fact; ex ante
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
consultation; discussion; discussing; asking (somebody) for advice
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
eager; earnest; ardent; OFF (on switch)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?