indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
ice; ice cream; icecream; (arch.) usurer; (arch.) usury
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Northern Europe; Nordic countries; Scandinavia
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
confections; sweets; candy; cake
essence; the best; chic; smart; considerate; understanding
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)