right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
suffix for familiar person
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
birthday party; birthday meet-up
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
that's good; that's nice; like (on social media); is that clear?; OK?
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
prior; beforehand; in advance; before the fact; ex ante
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
butter from cow's milk; storax (resin); styrax; toad venom
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to unite; to join; to do together; to confuse with
killing two birds with one stone
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)