pupil; student; schoolchild
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
call; summons; usher who calls the names of wrestlers, sweeps the ring, etc.; telephone number at which a person without a telephone can be reached; (arch.) box-shaped area containing clean water for rinsing oneself (in an Edo-period bathhouse); (arch.) high-ranking prostitute in the Yoshiwara district (Edo period); (arch.) unlicensed prostitute in the Fukagawa red-light district (Edo period)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
handicraft; work; construction; maneuvering; manoeuvering
urgent; pressing; immediate; urgently; promptly; at once
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
please (give me); please (do for me)
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
article (in document); provision; stripe; streak; although; though
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
God; god; ace; king; superior person
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
meaning; significance; sense
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
true character; true form; true colors (colours); consciousness; one's senses
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to hit hard; to punch hard; to give a hard blow; to wallop; to sock
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
serious; not joking; straight
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
what?!; what did you say?!; why?; what for?; anyone; anything