indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
suffix for familiar person
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
graduation ceremony; commencement
Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa); yellow catalpa (Catalpa ovata); Japanese mallotus (Mallotus japonicus); printing block; catalpa bow; catalpa medium
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading