indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
suffix for familiar person
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
hair style; coiffure; hairdo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
older sister; lass; young lady
Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa); yellow catalpa (Catalpa ovata); Japanese mallotus (Mallotus japonicus); printing block; catalpa bow; catalpa medium
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk