indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
deplorable; regrettable; disappointing; vexing; unfortunate
second (unit of time); arc second
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
closing up shop (for the day); stopping business; going out of business
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you (people); gentlemen; ladies and gentlemen; my friends
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
luxury; extravagance; treat (i.e. at somebody's expense)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
reserve; constraint; declining; refraining; forethought; foresight
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
commander; commanding officer; CO
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
it seems so; that's what it looks like
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
question; inquiry; enquiry
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that