indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in this way; thus; such; uh...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
dear (old); fondly-remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
to dream (i.e. while asleep); to have a dream; to dream (of the future); to have a fleeting experience
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
cool (temperature, color, etc.); cool (i.e. calm and collected); cool (i.e. fashionable, attractive, etc.); course (of medical treatment); season (series) of a television program (usu. 13 installments over a 3-month period)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
reserve; constraint; declining; refraining; forethought; foresight
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
confections; sweets; candy; cake
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
adds force or indicates command
tasks; things to do; errand; business (to take care of); affairs; engagement
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
together; at the same time; same; identical
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do