indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
first year of high school; first-year high school student
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to hang; to suspend; to lower; to reduce; to demote; to move back
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to refuse; to reject; to inform; to give notice; to ask leave; to excuse oneself (from)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
attractive; good-looking; stylish; cool; smooth; neat
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
request; favor; favour; reliance; dependence; trust
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few