indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
email; mail (usu. in compound words); post; message (sent over a chat application); instant message; male
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
time; hour; period; class
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
Sirius (star in the constellation Canis Major); Alpha Canis Majoris; the Dog Star
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more