indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be buried; to be covered; to overflow; to be crowded; to be repaid (e.g. debt); to be replenished
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
suffix for familiar person
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
older brother; elder brother; young man; buddy; fella
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
rock-paper-scissors (game); janken
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see