indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
Chinese parasol-tree (Firmiana simplex); Chinese-bottletree; Japanese varnishtree; phoenix-tree
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
how; in what way; how about
group; party; team; squad; section
first class; first rank; one degree; one level; most; best
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
serious; not joking; straight
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
superior; first-class; excellent; (that's) just fine!; bring it on!
squad leader; group leader; team leader
being unknown; not knowing; ignorance; foolishness