indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
northernmost tip (point, extremity, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
cold; coldness; chilliness
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
Emishi; Ezo; non-Yamato peoples in northern Japan; Yezo; Hokkaido, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
complex; complicated; intricate; mixed (feelings)
terrain; geographical features; topography
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
natural environment; (the) environment
reason; circumstances; grounds; because of; due to; as a result of
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to allow (someone or something) to come near; to let get close
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
origin; beginning; genesis; primeval; primordial; primitive
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
plants and animals; flora and fauna
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
yikes; oops; eep; wow; aargh
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
Yezo (northern part of Meiji-era Japan, esp. Hokkaido, but also Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands); Edo-period realm of the Ainu (as opposed to the Japanese) comprising most of Hokkaido
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
(school) grade; year; class; grade; kyu (junior rank in martial arts, go, shogi, etc.)
calamity; disaster; misfortune
designation; specification; assignment; appointment; pointing at
area; region; district; locality
absolutely; definitely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness