machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to send; to forward; to hand over (e.g. money)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
just like that; quite so; I agree; (lit.) that street
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
raising an army; launching business
without; unless; have to do
to save face; to keep face; to not lose face
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
appearance; arrival; make one's appearance
at leisure; in a relaxed manner; in a carefree manner; quietly; peacefully
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
knowing; (an) acquaintance
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
please; somehow or other; one way or another
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
please (give me); please (do for me)
staff officer; military staff; adviser; counselor; counsellor
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
junior (at work, school, etc.); younger people; younger student
to fall behind; to lag behind; to lose (race, contest)
deplorable; regrettable; disappointing; vexing; unfortunate
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...