alternation; change; relief; relay; shift; substitution (sports, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
strangeness; abnormality; disorder
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
trouble (I have put you through); (your) hard work; thank you for your hard work; I appreciate your efforts
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
oh!; ah!; oh dear!; good grief!; dear me!; thank God!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
middle of the night; dead of night
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
uh-huh; mm-hmm; with a moan; with a groan
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
what did you just say (to me)?; what's that?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
one arm; one's right-hand man; one's right hand
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
carriage; poise; bearing; demeanor; movement (of the body)
quick; swift; nimble; quick (understanding, judgement, etc.); alert; prompt
suspicious; dubious; doubtful; unsure; untrustworthy; unreliable; strange
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.