indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
blue; azure; green; green light (traffic); black (horse coat color); blue 5-point card; immature
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post
crow (Corvus spp.); raven
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
suffix for familiar person
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
match; game; bout; contest
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
one long cylindrical thing; one film, TV show, etc.; one version; one book; a certain book; ippon; one point