indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
northern part; the north (of a region)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
farm (livestock); stock farm; ranch; pasture; meadow; grazing land
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
Leith; Leys; Raysse; Reiss
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
territory; dominion; grounds (e.g. school)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
awareness of things around one; ability to understand what is going on around oneself; judgment; judgement; discretion
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
when it becomes; when it comes to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
to call for somebody; to come for someone; to pick someone up
showy; loud; gay; flashy; gaudy
to place on (something); to give (someone) a ride; to give a lift; to load (luggage); to carry; to send out (on the airwaves, etc.); to deceive
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk