indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
club activities; extracurricular activities
how; in what way; how about
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
high spirits; high energy; go!; go-man-go!; fashionably clothed and assertive (esp. of a woman); flashy
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects