to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
adds force or indicates command
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
whim; caprice; whimsy; fickle; moody; uneven temper
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yo!; hello there!; wow!; oh!; yah! (yell)
tool; means; ingredients (added to soup, rice, etc.); counter for sets of armor, utensils, furniture, etc.
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to eat; to drink; to receive (e.g. a blow); to be on the receiving end (of something undesirable); to undergo (trouble)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
elder sister; effeminate man
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to torment; to pain; to inflict (physical) pain; to harass; to cause (emotional) pain; to afflict
to be satisfied; to find peace of mind; to feel good
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
it is not (like that) either
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question