indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
round (esp. in sports, negotiations, etc.); rounds (e.g. nurse, security guard, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
genuine article; real thing; real deal
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
living flesh; flesh and blood; physical body of Buddha or a bodhisattva
same period; corresponding period; same year (of graduation, entering a company, etc.); contemporary; synchronization; synchronism
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?