indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
empress dowager; queen mother
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
inner palace (reserved for women); harem; seraglio; consort of the emperor
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
clique; group; (political) faction; wing; school; sect
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
influence; power; might; strength; potency; force
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest