indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
adds force or indicates command
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
fort; fortress; stronghold; fortification
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
snare; trap (for catching wild game, etc.); trap (i.e. ruse, subterfuge, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
troop headquarters; stronghold; inn designated for use by a daimyo (Edo period)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to