indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
troop headquarters; stronghold; inn designated for use by a daimyo (Edo period)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Qin dynasty (of China; 221-207 BCE); Ch'in dynasty
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
Wei; Cao Wei; kingdom in China during the Three Kingdoms period (220-266); Wei; kingdom in China during the Warring States period (403-225 BCE)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...