indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
reserves (esp. troops); reserve army; potential members of some group (e.g. the elderly); people at risk (e.g. of a medical condition); wannabees
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
adds force or indicates command
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
comfort; ease; easy; simple; (economically) comfortable; raku pottery
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
please; somehow or other; one way or another
empress dowager; queen mother
Lü Buwei (?-235 BCE), Chinese politician
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)