indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
mole; lentigo; beauty spot
cold; frigid; bracing; dignified
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
same score; deadlock; tie; draw
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
incredible; unbelievable; terrific; impressive
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt