indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
true character; true form; true colors (colours); consciousness; one's senses
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
release (e.g. information); disclosure (legal); show; indication; display
via; through; by doing; by means of; using
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to put an end (to); to close the books (on)
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
in that way; thus; so; so?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
suffix for familiar person
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
treating someone like a child
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
clever; shrewd; crafty; cunning; pretentious; impertinent
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
particular; hard to please; fussy
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
companions; friends; comrades; mates; partners
episode; anecdote; vignette
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to feel irritated; to feel offended; to feel angry; to feel sick; to feel nauseous
fragment; one of the group or party
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
April; fourth month in the lunar calendar
birth; birthplace; born in (country, month, imperial era, zodiac year, etc.)