time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Common Era; CE; Christian Era; Western (Gregorian) calendar
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
change; alteration; modification
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to plan; to form a plan; to scheme; to envision; to intend to do
time; hour; period; class
going upstream; sailing against the current
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
extermination; annihilation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
sword; dagger; knife; bayonet
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
life or death struggle; mortal combat; struggle to the death
to unfold; to unroll; to open
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
shape; form; appearance; state; situation; suitable
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
(your) business; (your) concern; (customer's) order; official business (of the government, Imperial Court, etc.); arrest; capture
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
noisy; boisterous; turbulent (era, etc.); troubled
adds force or indicates command
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
being in charge (of an area of responsibility); being responsible (for a work role, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)