where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
being still half asleep; being half awake; being not yet quite awake
to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
had better ...; had better not ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
extra; more; unnecessary; needless; all the more; even more
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to become confused (disconcerted, disorganized, disorganised); to be flustered; to panic; to hurry; to rush; to hasten
transformation; variation; metamorphosis; modification; deformation; variety
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
pompadour-like hair style, popular for unmarried women in the Edo period; shimada coiffure
consciousness; becoming aware (of); awareness; mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
unity; consolidation; uniformity; unification; compatible
incoherent; inconsistent; illogical; disorderly; confused; nonsensical
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis