indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
suffix for familiar person
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be buried; to be covered; to overflow; to be crowded; to be repaid (e.g. debt); to be replenished
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
cutout; cutout picture; papercut art
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
older sister; lass; young lady
to glide; to slide (e.g. on skis); to fail (an examination); to bomb (when telling a joke); to drop; to go down
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
skating (esp. ice); skate; skates
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
master; teacher; stable master
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah