indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be buried; to be covered; to overflow; to be crowded; to be repaid (e.g. debt); to be replenished
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
beautiful woman; (a) beauty
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
fame; reputation; popularity; rumour (rumor); talk
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
never mind that; don't worry about that; listen up
staying somewhere (overnight) due to circumstances
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
business that exploits its employees (e.g. through unpaid overtime)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pull out; to draw out; to omit; to leave out; to do to the end; to carry through; to let out (e.g. air from a tyre)
corporate drone; corporate slave
appointed day of delivery; time for payment
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
transfer; switching over; money transfer (usu. between accounts held by the same person); postal transfer
rest; recess; vacation; holiday; dormancy (of a silkworm prior to moulting)
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
summer vacation; summer holiday
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing