indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to catch up (with); to draw level; to pull even; to be compensated; to make up for one's losses
adds force or indicates command
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
impregnable castle; inner castle citadel; golden castle (nickname for Nagoya Castle)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen