indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
impregnable castle; inner castle citadel; golden castle (nickname for Nagoya Castle)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
jersey (fabric); jersey; (sports) uniform; Jersey (cattle)
inter-scholastic athletics competition
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
commendation ceremony; award ceremony
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall