indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
impregnable castle; inner castle citadel; golden castle (nickname for Nagoya Castle)
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
second (unit of time); arc second
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
to catch up (with); to draw level; to pull even; to be compensated; to make up for one's losses
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
difference; variation; difference
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
remnant; residue; remaining; left-over
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
metre; meter; meter; gauge
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
adds force or indicates command
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness