indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
in that way; thus; so; so?
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building