indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
impregnable castle; inner castle citadel; golden castle (nickname for Nagoya Castle)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to catch up (with); to draw level; to pull even; to be compensated; to make up for one's losses
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
adds force or indicates command
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!