indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
metre; meter; meter; gauge
down-train; train heading toward the ending point of its route; down-slope; downward going; downbound (esp. away from Tokyo); downstream
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
second day of the month; two days