indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
fleet (fishing, naval, etc.); convoy; group of ships
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
capitulation; surrender; submission; yield
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
company; lot; bunch; troupe; company (of musicians)
bombarding; shelling; bombardment
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine