indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be resurrected; to be resuscitated; to be rehabilitated; to be recalled (e.g. memories); to be brought back
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
one move (in go, shogi, etc.); only way; only means; doing alone; doing single-handed
to carry to extremes; to go to the end of something; to investigate thoroughly; to master
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
one (of a pair); incomplete; imperfect; few; little; off-centre
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
leaf; blade (of grass); (pine) needle
shallows; shoal; rapids; current; position; place
through; throughout; in the course of; all over or throughout (e.g. a place)
entry to school or university; matriculation; enrolment (in university, etc.) (enrollment)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
club activities; extracurricular activities
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
corridor; hallway; passageway
bulletin board; display board; notice board; electronic bulletin board; BBS
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
expresses a firm view or feeling; please ...; would you ...
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go to see (something, someone); to visit
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...