indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be resurrected; to be resuscitated; to be rehabilitated; to be recalled (e.g. memories); to be brought back
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
one move (in go, shogi, etc.); only way; only means; doing alone; doing single-handed
to carry to extremes; to go to the end of something; to investigate thoroughly; to master
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
one (of a pair); incomplete; imperfect; few; little; off-centre
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
nothing; naught; nought; un-; non-
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
hello; good day; good afternoon
light; illumination; glow; lamp; light
suffix for familiar person
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
to begin to attend (e.g. school)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
to shine; to glitter; to be bright
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
drawing; picture; diagram; sight; scene
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience