indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
in that way; thus; so; so?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
head (chief, director) of a section or department; head of a (school) club; head of a (school) team
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
educational institution; school; academy; campus
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine