indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
winter buds; winter sprouts
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress